TOC

•  EViews 9.5 Help Topics
  • Registration
  • Help Reference
  • What’s New in EViews 9
•  Getting Started
  •  Installing EViews
    • 32-bit or 64-bit?
    • Installing
  •  Registering EViews
    • What is Registration?
    •  How Do I Register?
      • Auto Registration
      • Manual Registration
      • Contact Information
    • Frequently Asked Questions about Registration
  • Updating Your Copy of EViews
  •  Where to Go For Help
    • The Help System
    • The EViews Manuals (PDF Files)
    • Tutorials
    • The EViews Forum
  •  New Features in EViews 9.0
    •  Overview
      • General EViews Interface
      • Data Handling
      • Graphs, Tables, and Spools
      • Econometrics and Statistics
      • Other Features
      • EViews 9.0 Compatibility Notes
    •  General EViews Interface
      • Command Capture
      • For additional discussion, see “Command Capture”Window Docking
      • Database and Workfile Object Preview
    •  Data Handling
      • Enhanced import and linking of data
      • New FRED Database Interface
      • Cloud Drive Support
      • Dated Data Table Templates
      • Expanded Frequency Conversion Interpolation Methods
    •  Graphs, Tables, and Spools
      • Graph Pan and Zoom
      • Multi-graph Slideshow
      • Improved Mixed Graph Type
      • Rectangle and Ellipse Drawing
      • Data-based Anchoring
      • LaTeX Output
    •  Econometrics and Statistics
      • Automatic ARIMA Forecasting
      • Forecast Evaluation
      • Forecast Averaging
      • VAR Forecasting
      • Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Models
      • ML and GLS ARMA
      • Fractional Integration (ARFIMA)
      • Panel ARDL and Pooled Mean Group (PMG) Estimation
      • Threshold Regression
      • Optimization Engine and Coefficient Covariances
      • Unit Root Tests with a Breakpoint
      • Panel Cross-section Dependence Tests
      • Panel Random Effects Tests
    •  Other Features
      • Series Generating Functions
      • Descriptive Statistics
      • Element Information
      • Matrix Language Tools
      • Table Tools
      • General Information Tools
      • Object Data Members
      • Updated Command List
      • Updated Object List
    •  EViews 9.0 Compatibility Notes
      • Workfile Compatibility
  •  New Features in EViews 9.5
    •  Overview
      • General EViews Interface
      • Econometrics and Statistics
      • Models
      • Other Features
      • EViews 9.5 Compatibility Notes
    •  General EViews Interface
      • Group Members View
      • Group Preview
      • Auto-History and Remarks
    •  Econometrics and Statistics
      • Mixed Data Sampling (MIDAS) Estimation
      • Enhanced FIML Estimation
      • Estimation Covariance for System
      • Exporting Results from a VAR
      • Diebold-Mariano Test
    •  Models
      • Equation Search
      • Print View
      • Scenario Tools
      • Model Protection
    •  Other Features
      • Matrix Language Tools
      • General Information Tools
      • Object Data Members
      • Updated Command List
      • Updated Object List
    •  EViews 9.5 Compatibility Notes
      • Workfile Compatibility
•  User’s Guide
  •  EViews Fundamentals
    •  A Demonstration
      • Getting Data into EViews
      • Examining the Data
      • Estimating a Regression Model
      • Specification and Hypothesis Tests
      • Modifying the Equation
      • Forecasting from an Estimated Equation
      • Additional Testing
    •  Workfile Basics
      • What is a Workfile?
      • Creating a Workfile
      • The Workfile Window
      • Saving a Workfile
      • Loading a Workfile
      • Multi-page Workfiles
      • Comparing Workfiles
      • Addendum
    •  Introduction
      • What is EViews?
      • The EViews Window
      • Custom Edit Fields in EViews
      • Breaking or Canceling in EViews
      • Closing EViews
      • Where to Go For Help
      • EViews Updates
    •  Object Basics
      • What is an Object?
      • Basic Object Operations
      • The Object Window
      • Working with Objects
    •  Basic Data Handling
      • Data Objects
      • Samples
      • Sample Objects
      • Importing Data
      • Exporting Data
      • Reading EViews Data using Other Applications
      • Frequency Conversion
      • References
    •  Working with Data
      • Numeric Expressions
      • Series
      • Auto-series
      • Groups
      • Scalars
    •  Working with Data (Advanced)
      • Auto-Updating Series
      • Alpha Series
      • Date Series
      • Value Maps
    •  Series Links
      • Basic Link Concepts
      • Creating a Link
      • Working with Links
    •  Advanced Workfiles
      • Structuring a Workfile
      • Resizing a Workfile
      • Appending to a Workfile
      • Contracting a Workfile
      • Copying from a Workfile
      • Reshaping a Workfile
      • Sorting a Workfile
      • Exporting from a Workfile
      • References
    •  EViews Databases
      • Database Overview
      • Database Basics
      • Working with Objects in Databases
      • Database Auto-Series
      • The Database Registry
      • Querying the Database
      • Object Aliases and Illegal Names
      • Maintaining the Database
      • Foreign Format Databases
      • Working with DRIPro Links
  •  Basic Data Analysis
    •  Series
      • Series Views Overview
      • Spreadsheet
      • Graph
      • Descriptive Statistics & Tests
      • One-Way Tabulation
      • Correlogram
      • Long-run Variance
      • Unit Root Test
      • Breakpoint Unit Root Test
      • Variance Ratio Test
      • BDS Independence Test
      • Forecast Evaluation
      • Label
      • Properties
      • Series Adjust
      • Series Procs Overview
      • Generate by Equation
      • Generate by Classification
      • Resample
      • Interpolate
      • Seasonal Adjustment
      • Automatic ARIMA Forecasting
      • Forecast Averaging
      • Exponential Smoothing
      • Hodrick-Prescott Filter
      • Frequency (Band-Pass) Filter
      • Whiten Data
      • Distribution Plot Data
      • References
    •  Groups
      • Group Views Overview
      • Group Members
      • Spreadsheet
      • Dated Data Table
      • Graph
      • Descriptive Statistics
      • Covariance Analysis
      • N-Way Tabulation
      • Tests of Equality
      • Principal Components
      • Correlograms
      • Cross Correlations and Correlograms
      • Long-run Covariance
      • Unit Root Test
      • Cointegration Test
      • Granger Causality
      • Label
      • Group Procedures Overview
      • References
    •  Graphing Data
      • Quick Start
      • Graphing a Series
      • Graphing Multiple Series (Groups)
      • The Graph Sample
      • Graph Pan and Zoom
      • Multi-graph Slideshow
      • Basic Customization
      • Graph Types
      • References
    •  Categorical Graphs
      • Illustrative Examples
      • Specifying Factors
  •  Customizing Output
    •  Graph Objects
      • Creating Graph Objects
      • Combining Graphs
      • Customizing Graphs
      • Modifying Multiple Graphs
      • Printing Graphs
      • Saving Graphs to a File
      • Graph Commands
    •  Table and Text Objects
      • Table Objects
      • Text Objects
    •  Spool Objects
      • Creating a Spool
      • Managing the Spool
      • Customizing the Spool
      • Editing Objects in a Spool
      • Printing a Spool
      • Saving a Spool
  •  Extending EViews
    • Create Your Own Estimator
    • Add Menu Items and Object Classes
    • Connect with External Applications
    •  Object Linking and Embedding (OLE)
      • Embedding vs. Linking
      • Using OLE
      • Opening Documents with Linked Objects
  •  Basic Single Equation Analysis
    •  Basic Regression Analysis
      • Equation Objects
      • Specifying an Equation in EViews
      • Estimating an Equation in EViews
      • Equation Output
      • Working with Equations
      • Estimation Problems
      • References
    •  Additional Regression Tools
      • Special Equation Expressions
      • Robust Standard Errors
      • Weighted Least Squares
      • Nonlinear Least Squares
      • Stepwise Least Squares Regression
      • References
    •  Instrumental Variables and GMM
      • Background
      • Two-stage Least Squares
      • Nonlinear Two-stage Least Squares
      • Limited Information Maximum Likelihood and K-Class Estimation
      • Generalized Method of Moments
      • IV Diagnostics and Tests
      • References
    •  Time Series Regression
      • Background
      • Testing for Serial Correlation
      • Estimating ARIMA and ARFIMA Models in EViews
      • Estimation Output
      • Equation Diagnostics
      • Examples
      • Additional Topics
      • Estimation Method Details
      • References
    •  Forecasting from an Equation
      • Forecasting from Equations in EViews
      • An Illustration
      • Forecast Basics
      • Forecasts with Lagged Dependent Variables
      • Forecasting with ARMA Errors
      • Forecasting from Equations with Expressions
      • Forecasting with Nonlinear and PDL Specifications
      • References
    •  Specification and Diagnostic Tests
      • Background
      • Coefficient Diagnostics
      • Residual Diagnostics
      • Stability Diagnostics
      • Applications
      • References
  •  Advanced Single Equation Analysis
    •  ARCH and GARCH Estimation
      • Basic ARCH Specifications
      • Estimating ARCH Models in EViews
      • Working with ARCH Models
      • Additional ARCH Models
      • Examples
      • References
    •  Cointegrating Regression
      • Background
      • Estimating a Cointegrating Regression
      • Testing for Cointegration
      • Working with an Equation
      • References
    •  Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Models
      • Background
      • Estimating ARDL Models in EViews
      • An Example
      • References
    •  MIDAS Regression
      • Background
      • MIDAS Estimation in EViews
      • An Example
      • References
    •  Discrete and Limited Dependent Variable Models
      • Binary Dependent Variable Models
      • Ordered Dependent Variable Models
      • Censored Regression Models
      • Truncated Regression Models
      • Heckman Selection Model
      • Count Models
      • Technical Notes
      • References
    •  Generalized Linear Models
      • Overview
      • How to Estimate a GLM in EViews
      • Examples
      • Working with a GLM Equation
      • Technical Details
      • References
    •  Robust Least Squares
      • Background
      • Estimating Robust Regression in EViews
      • An Illustration
      • References
    •  Least Squares with Breakpoints
      • Background
      • Estimating Least Squares with Breakpoints in EViews
      • Working with Breakpoint Equations
      • Example
      • References
    •  Threshold Regression
      • Background
      • Threshold Estimation in EViews
      • Working with Threshold Equations
      • References
    •  Switching Regression
      • Background
      • Estimating Switching Regressions in EViews
      • Estimation Output
      • Switching Views
      • Switching Procs
      • Examples
      • References
    •  Quantile Regression
      • Estimating Quantile Regression in EViews
      • Views and Procedures
      • Background
      • References
    •  The Log Likelihood (LogL) Object
      • Overview
      • Specification
      • Estimation
      • LogL Views
      • LogL Procs
      • LogL Specific Views and Procedures
      • Troubleshooting
      • Limitations
      • Examples
      • References
  •  Advanced Univariate Analysis
    •  Univariate Time Series Analysis
      • Unit Root Testing
      • Unit Root Tests with a Breakpoint
      • Panel Unit Root Testing
      • Variance Ratio Test
      • BDS Independence Test
      • References
  •  Multiple Equation Analysis
    •  System Estimation
      • Background
      • System Estimation Methods
      • How to Create and Specify a System
      • Working With Systems
      • Technical Discussion
      • References
    •  Vector Autoregression and Error Correction Models
      • Vector Autoregressions (VARs)
      • Estimating a VAR in EViews
      • VAR Estimation Output
      • Views and Procs of a VAR
      • Structural (Identified) VARs
      • Vector Error Correction (VEC) Models
      • Bayesian VAR
      • A Note on Version Compatibility
      • References
    •  State Space Models and the Kalman Filter
      • Background
      • Specifying a State Space Model in EViews
      • Working with the State Space
      • Converting from Version 3 Sspace
      • Technical Discussion
      • References
    •  Models
      • Overview
      • An Example Model
      • Building a Model
      • Working with the Model Structure
      • Specifying Scenarios
      • Using Add Factors
      • Locking the Model
      • Solving the Model
      • Working with the Model Data
      • Comparing Solution Data
      • References
  •  Panel and Pooled Data
    •  Pooled Time Series, Cross-Section Data
      • The Pool Workfile
      • The Pool Object
      • Pooled Data
      • Setting up a Pool Workfile
      • Working with Pooled Data
      • Pooled Estimation
      • References
    •  Working with Panel Data
      • Structuring a Panel Workfile
      • Panel Workfile Display
      • Panel Workfile Information
      • Working with Panel Data
      • Panel Data Analysis
      • References
    •  Panel Estimation
      • Estimating a Panel Equation
      • Panel Estimation Examples
      • Panel Equation Testing
      • Estimation Background
      • References
    •  Panel Cointegration Estimation
      • Background
      • Estimating Panel Cointegration in EViews
      • Working With a Panel Cointegrating Equation
      • Examples
      • Technical Details
      • References
    •  Panel Statistics
      • Time Series Graphs
      • By-Statistics
      • Panel Covariances
      • Panel Principal Components
      • Panel Causality Testing
      • Panel Long-run Variances
      • Panel Unit Root Testing
      • Panel Cointegration Testing
      • Panel Cross-section Dependence Test
      • Panel Resampling
      • Panel Stacked Analysis
      • References
  •  Advanced Multivariate Analysis
    •  Cointegration Testing
      • Johansen Cointegration Test
      • Single-Equation Cointegration Tests
      • Panel Cointegration Testing
      • References
    •  Factor Analysis
      • Creating a Factor Object
      • Rotating Factors
      • Estimating Scores
      • Factor Views
      • Factor Procedures
      • Factor Data Members
      • An Example
      • Background
      • References
  •  Global Options
    •  The Options Menu
      • General Options
      • Graphics Defaults
      • Database Registry
      • Cloud Management
      • EViews Auto-Update from Web
    • Print Setup
  •  Enhanced Spreadsheet Editing
    •  Array Expressions
      • Operators
      • Values
      • Interpolation
  •  Estimation and Solution Options
    •  Setting Estimation Options
      • Optimization Method
      • Iteration and Convergence
      • Starting Coefficient Values
      • Derivative Computation
    •  Optimization Algorithms
      • Second Derivative Methods
      • First Derivative Methods
      • Choosing the step size
      • Derivative free methods
    •  Nonlinear Equation Solution Methods
      • Gauss-Seidel
      • Newton's Method
      • Broyden's Method
    • References
  •  Gradients and Derivatives
    •  Gradients
      • Gradient Summary
      • Gradient Table and Graph
      • Gradient Series
      • Application to LM Tests
      • Gradient Availability
    •  Derivatives
      • Derivative Description
      • Derivative Table and Graph
      • Derivative Series
    • References
  •  Information Criteria
    • Definitions
    • Using Information Criteria as a Guide to Model Selection
    • References
  •  Long-run Covariance Estimation
    •  Technical Discussion
      • Nonparametric Kernel
      • Parametric VARHAC
      • Prewhitened Kernel
    • Kernel Function Properties
    • References
•  Command Reference
  •  Object and Command Basics
    • Command Capture
    •  Using Commands
      • Interactive Use
      • Batch Program Use
    •  Object Declaration and Initialization
      • Object Declaration
      • Object Assignment
      • Object Modification
      • More on Object Declaration
    •  Object Commands
      • Action Commands
      • View and Procedure Commands
    • Object Data Members
    • Interactive Commands
    •  Auxiliary Commands
      • Managing Workfiles and Databases
      • Managing Objects
      • Renaming Objects
      • Deleting Objects
      • Saving Objects
      • Fetch Objects
  •  Working with Graphs
    •  Creating a Graph
      • Displaying graphs using commands
      • Displaying graphs as object views
      • Creating graph objects from object views
      • Creating named graph objects
      • Creating unnamed graph objects
    • Changing Graph Types
    •  Customizing a Graph
      • Line characteristics
      • Use of color with lines and filled areas
      • Filled area characteristics
      • Using preset lines and fills
      • Scaling and axes
      • Customizing the graph frame
      • Labeling data values
      • Outlining and spacing filled areas
      • Modifying the Legend
      • Adding text to the graph
      • Adding lines and shading
      • Using graphs as templates
      • Arranging multiple graphs
      • Modifying Boxplots
    • Labeling Graphs
    • Printing Graphs
    • Exporting Graphs to Files
    • Graph Summary
  •  Working with Tables and Spreadsheets
    •  Creating a Table
      • Creating Tables from an Object View
      • Declaring Tables
    •  Assigning Table Values
      • Assigning Strings
      • Assigning Numbers
      • Assignment with Formatting
    •  Customizing Tables
      • Column Width and Row Height
      • Cell Formatting
      • Cell Annotation and Merging
    • Labeling Tables
    • Printing Tables
    • Exporting Tables to Files
    • Customizing Spreadsheet Views
    • Table Summary
  •  Working with Spools
    • Creating a Spool
    •  Working with a Spool
      • Adding Objects
      • Naming Objects
      • Object Displaynames
      • Object Comments
      • Removing Objects
      • Extracting Objects
      • Customizing the Spool
      • Customizing the Appearance
    • Printing the Spool
    • Spool Summary
  •  Strings and Dates
    •  Strings
      • String Operators
      • String Lists
      • String Functions
      • Using Strings in EViews
    •  Dates
      • Date Strings
      • Date Numbers
      • Date Formats
      • Translating between Date Strings and Date Numbers
      • Translating Ordinary Numbers into Date Numbers
      • Manipulating Date Numbers
      • Extracting Information from Date Numbers
      • Special Date Functions
      • Free-format Conversion Formats
      • Free-format Conversion Details
      • Time Zones
  •  EViews Programming
    •  Program Basics
      • What is a Program?
      • Creating a Program
      • Program Formatting
      • Saving a Program
      • Saving the Command Window
      • Encrypting a Program
      • Opening a Program
      • Executing a Program
      • Stopping a Program
      • Running Part of a Program
    • Simple Programs
    •  Program Variables
      • Control Variables
      • String Variables
      • Replacement Variables
    •  Program Modes
      • Program Message Logging
    • Program Arguments
    • Program Options
    •  Control of Execution
      • IF Statements
      • The FOR Loop
      • The WHILE Loop
      • Execution Errors
      • Stopping Programs
      • Exiting Loops
    • Multiple Program Files
    •  Subroutines
      • Defining Subroutines
      • Subroutine with Arguments
      • Calling Subroutines
      • Subroutine Placement
      • Global and Local Variables
      • Global Subroutines
      • Local Subroutines
      • Local Samples
    •  User-Defined Dialogs
      • @uiprompt
      • @uiedit
      • @uilist
      • @uimlist
      • @uiradio
      • @uidialog
      • @uifiledlg
      • Example Program
    •  Version 4 Compatibility Notes
      • String vs. Replacement Variables
      • String Variables in String Expressions
      • Case-Sensitive String Comparison
      • Comparisons Involving NAs/Missing Values
      • Version 4 Compatibility Mode
    • References
  •  External Connectivity
    •  Reading EViews Data
      • The OLEDB Driver
      • The Excel Add-in
      • EViews Database Objects (EDO) Library
    • EViews COM Automation Server
    •  EViews COM Automation Client Support (MATLAB and R)
      • Using MATLAB®
      • Using R
    • EViews Database Extension Interface
  •  Add-ins
    • What is an Add-in?
    • Getting Started with Add-ins
    • Using Add-ins
    •  Add-ins Examples
      • Summarize Equation Results
      • U.S. Recession Graph Shading
    •  Managing Add-ins
      • Registered Add-ins
      • Default Add-ins Directory
    •  Creating an Add-in
      • Registering an Add-in
      • Add-ins Design Issues
      • Creating an Add-in Package
    •  Add-ins Design Support
      • Add-ins Registration Command
      • The Active Object Keyword
      • “_this” Keyword
      • Custom Object Output
  •  User Objects
    • What is a User Object?
    • Unregistered User Objects
    •  Registered User Objects
      • Downloading a Registered User Object
      • Working with Registered User Objects
    •  Examples
      • Simple Container Object (ResStore)
      • Rolling Regression Estimation Object (Roll)
    •  Managing User Object Classes
      • Default User Objects Directory
    •  Defining a Registered User Object Class
      • Creating an Object Definition File
      • Registering a User Object Class
      • Creating a User Object Package
    •  User Object Programming Support
      • Declaration
      • Registration
      • View and Procs
      • Data Members
  •  User-Defined Optimization
    • Defining the Objective and Controls
    •  The Optimize Command
      • Specifying the Method and Objective
      • Identifying the Control
      • Starting Values
      • Specifying Gradients
      • Calculating the Hessian
      • Numeric Derivatives
      • Iteration and Convergence
      • Advanced Optimization Options
      • Status Functions
      • Error Handling
    • Examples
    •  Technical Details
      • Hessian Approximation
      • Step Method
      • Scaling
      • Optimization Termination
    • References
  •  Matrix Language
    • Declaring Matrix Objects
    •  Assigning Matrix Values
      • Element assignment
      • Fill assignment
      • Matrix assignment
    •  Copying Data Between Objects
      • Copying Data From Matrix Objects
      • Copying Data From Parts Of Matrix Objects
      • Copying Data Between Matrix And Other Objects
    •  Matrix Expressions
      • Matrix Operators
    •  Matrix Commands and Functions
      • Utility Commands and Functions
      • Element Functions
      • Matrix Algebra Functions
      • Descriptive Statistics Functions
      • Functions versus Commands
      • NA Handling
    •  Matrix Views and Procs
      • Matrix Graph and Statistics Views
      • Matrix Input and Output
    • Matrix Operations versus Loop Operations
    • Summary of Automatic Resizing of Matrix Objects
  •  Command Reference
    • Commands
    • addin
    • adduo
    • arch
    • archtest
    • ardl
    • auto
    • binary
    • breakls
    • cause
    • ccopy
    • cd
    • censored
    • cfetch
    • chdir
    • chow
    • clabel
    • close
    • coint
    • cointreg
    • commandcap
    • copy
    • cor
    • count
    • cov
    • create
    • cross
    • data
    • db
    • dbcopy
    • dbcreate
    • dbdelete
    • dbopen
    • dbpack
    • dbrebuild
    • dbrename
    • delete
    • do
    • driconvert
    • exec
    • exit
    • expand
    • facbreak
    • factest
    • fetch
    • fit
    • forecast
    • freeze
    • frml
    • genr
    • glm
    •  gmm
      • Basic GMM Options
      • Estimation Weighting Matrix Options
      • Covariance Options
    • heckit
    • hconvert
    • hfetch
    • hist
    • hlabel
    • hpf
    • import
    • importattr
    •  importmat
      • Excel Files
      • HTML Files
      • Text and Binary Files
    •  importtbl
      • Excel Files
      • HTML Files
      • Text and Binary Files
    • liml
    • load
    • logclear
    • logit
    • logmode
    • logmsg
    • logsave
    • ls
    • midas
    • open
    • optimize
    • Examples
    • optsave
    • optset
    • ordered
    • output
    • pageappend
    • pagecontract
    • pagecopy
    • pagecreate
    • pagedelete
    • pageload
    • pagerefresh
    • pagerename
    • pagesave
    • pageselect
    • pagesort
    • pagestack
    • pagestruct
    • pageunlink
    • pageunstack
    • param
    • plot
    • print
    • probit
    • program
    • qreg
    • range
    • read
    • rename
    • reset
    • rndint
    • rndseed
    • robustls
    • run
    • save
    • seas
    • setcell
    • setcolwidth
    • setline
    • shell
    • show
    • smooth
    • smpl
    • solve
    • sort
    • spawn
    • stats
    • statusline
    • stepls
    • store
    • switchreg
    • tabplace
    • testadd
    • testdrop
    • threshold
    • tic
    • toc
    • tsls
    • unlink
    • uroot
    • varest
    • wfclose
    • wfcompare
    • wfcreate
    • wfdetails
    • wfdir
    •  wfopen
      • Examples
      • Aremos Example
      • GiveWin/PcGive Example
      • Rats Examples
      • TSP Portable Example
      • Excel and Lotus Files
      • HTML Files
      • Text and Binary Files
      • ODBC or Microsoft Access
      • Other Dataset Types
    • wfrefresh
    • wfsave
    • wfselect
    • wfstats
    • wfunlink
    • wfuse
    • workfile
    • write
    • xclose
    • xget
    • xlog
    • xopen
    • xput
    • xrun
  •  Operator and Function Reference
    • Operators
    • Basic Mathematical Functions
    • Time Series Functions
    • Financial Functions
    • Descriptive Statistics
    • Cumulative Statistic Functions
    • Moving Statistic Functions
    • Group Row Functions
    • By-Group Statistics
    • Special Functions
    • Trigonometric Functions
    •  Statistical Distribution Functions
      • Additional Distribution Related Functions
    • String Functions
    • Date Functions
    • Indicator Functions
    •  Workfile & Informational Functions
      • General Information
      • Element Information
      • Basic Workfile Functions
      • Dated Workfile Information
      • Panel Workfile Functions
    • Valmap Functions
    • References
  • Operator and Function Listing
  •  Workfile Functions
    • Basic Workfile Information
    •  Dated Workfile Information
      • Basic Date Functions
      • Trend Functions
      • Event Functions
      • Indicator Functions
    •  Panel Workfile Functions
      • Panel Identifier Functions
      • Panel Trend Functions
  •  Special Expression Reference
    • Special Expression Summary
    • ar
    • d
    • @expand
    • ma
    • na
    • nrnd
    • pdl
    • rnd
    • sar
    • sma
    • @wexpand
  •  String and Date Function Reference
    • String Function Summary
    • Date Function Summary
    • @addquotes
    • @asc
    • @chr
    • @dateadd
    • @datediff
    • @datefloor
    • @datepart
    • @datestr
    • @dateval
    • @dtoo
    • @eqna
    • @insert
    • @instr
    • @isempty
    • @left
    • @len, @length
    • @localt
    • @lower
    • @ltrim
    • @makedate
    • @mid
    • @neqna
    • @now
    • @otod
    • @otods
    • @replace
    • @right
    • @rinstr
    • @rows
    • @rtrim
    •  @str
      • Basic Formats
      • Modified Formats
    • @strdate
    • @stripcommas
    • @stripparens
    • @stripquotes
    • @strlen
    • @strnow
    • @trim
    • @tz
    • @tzlist
    • @tzspec
    • @upper
    • @utc
    • @val
    • @wcount
    • @wcross
    • @wdelim
    • @wdrop
    • @wfind
    • @wfindnc
    • @winterleave
    • @wintersect
    • @wjoin
    • @wkeep
    • @wleft
    • @wmid
    • @wnotin
    • @word
    • @wordq
    • @wread
    • @wreplace
    • @wright
    • @wsort
    • @wsplit
    • @wunion
    • @wunique
    • @xputnames
  •  Matrix Language Reference
    • Matrix Command and Function Summary
    • @capplyranks
    • @cfirst
    • @cholesky
    • @cifirst
    • @cilast
    • @cimax
    • @cimin
    • @clast
    • @cmax
    • @cmean
    • @cmin
    • @cnas
    • @cobs
    • colplace
    • @colranks
    • @columnextract
    • @columns
    • @colsort
    • @commute
    • @cond
    • @convert
    • @cor
    • @cov
    • @covp
    • @covs
    • @csum
    • @det
    • @duplic
    • @duplicinv
    • @ediv
    • @eeq
    • @eeqna
    • @ege
    • @egt
    • @eigenvalues
    • @eigenvectors
    • @einv
    • @ele
    • @elimin
    • @elt
    • @emult
    • @eneq
    • @eneqna
    • @epow
    • @explode
    • @fill
    • @filledmatrix
    • @filledrowvector
    • @filledsym
    • @filledvector
    • @first
    • @getmaindiagonal
    • @hcat
    • @identity
    • @ifirst
    • @ilast
    • @imax
    • @imin
    • @implode
    • @inner
    • @inverse
    • @issingular
    • @kronecker
    • @last
    • @makediagonal
    • matplace
    • @maxes
    • @mins
    • @mnrnd
    • @mrnd
    • mtos
    • @norm
    • nrnd
    • @ones
    • @outer
    • @permute
    • @pinverse
    • @qform
    • @rank
    • @ranks
    • @rapplyranks
    • @resample
    • rnd
    • @rowextract
    • rowplace
    • @rowranks
    • @rows
    • @rowsort
    • @scale
    • @solvesystem
    • @sort
    • stom
    • stomna
    • @subextract
    • @svd
    • @trace
    • @transpose
    • ttom
    • @uniquevals
    • @unitvector
    • @unvec
    • @unvech
    • @vcat
    • @vec
    • @vech
  •  Programming Language Reference
    • Programming Summary
    • addin
    • @addinspath
    • call
    • clearerrs
    • @datapath
    • @date
    • else
    • endif
    • endsub
    • @env
    • @equaloption
    • @errorcount
    • @evpath
    • exec
    • exitloop
    • @fileexist
    • @folderexist
    • for
    • @getnextname
    • @getthistype
    • @hasoption
    • if
    • include
    • @isobject
    • @isvalidname
    • @lasterrnum
    • @lasterrstr
    • @linepath
    • @loadprgini
    • @makevalidname
    • @maxerrcount
    • next
    • open
    • @option
    • output
    • poff
    • pon
    • program
    • return
    • run
    • @runpath
    • saveprgini
    • seterr
    • seterrcount
    • setmaxerrs
    • statusline
    • sleep
    • step
    • stop
    • subroutine
    • @tablenames
    • @temppath
    • then
    • @time
    • to
    • @toc
    • @uidialog
    • @uiedit
    • @uifiledlg
    • @uilist
    • @uimlist
    • @uiprompt
    • @uiradio
    • @vernum
    • @verstr
    • @wdir
    • wend
    • while
    • @wlookup
    • @wquery
    • @wread
  •  Wildcards
    • Wildcard Expressions
    • Using Wildcard Expressions
    • Source and Destination Patterns
    •  Resolving Ambiguities
      • Wildcard versus Multiplication
    • Wildcard versus Pool Identifier
•  Object Reference
  •  Object View and Procedure Reference
    •  Alpha
      • alpha
      • clearhist
      • display
      • displayname
      • freq
      • frml
      • genr
      • label
      • makemap
      • map
      • olepush
      • setattr
      • setindent
      • setjust
      • sheet
      • sort
    •  Coef
      • clearhist
      • coef
      • display
      • displayname
      • fill
      • label
      • olepush
      • read
      • setattr
      • setformat
      • setindent
      • setjust
      • setwidth
      • sheet
      • stats
      • write
    •  Equation
      • abtest
      • arch
      • archtest
      • ardl
      • arma
      • auto
      • binary
      • boundstest
      • breakls
      • breakspec
      • breaktest
      • cdtest
      • cellipse
      • censored
      • chow
      • cinterval
      • clearhist
      • coefcov
      • coefscale
      • coint
      • cointgraph
      • cointreg
      • cointrep
      • correl
      • correlsq
      • count
      • cvardecomp
      • depfreq
      • derivs
      • display
      • displayname
      • effects
      • endogtest
      • equation
      • facbreak
      • fit
      • fixedtest
      • forecast
      • garch
      • glm
      • gmm
      • grads
      • heckit
      • hettest
      • hist
      • icgraph
      • ictable
      • infbetas
      • infstats
      • instsum
      • label
      • liml
      • logit
      • ls
      • lvageplot
      • makecoint
      • makederivs
      • makegarch
      • makegrads
      • makelimits
      • makemodel
      • makeregs
      • makeresids
      • makergmprobs
      • maketransprobs
      • means
      • midas
      • multibreak
      • olepush
      • ordered
      • orthogtest
      • output
      • predict
      • probit
      • qreg
      • qrprocess
      • qrslope
      • qrsymm
      • ranhaus
      • rcomptest
      • representations
      • reset
      • resids
      • results
      • rgmprobs
      • rls
      • robustls
      • setattr
      • stepls
      • switchreg
      • testadd
      • testdrop
      • testfit
      • threshold
      • transprobs
      • tsls
      • ubreak
      • updatecoefs
      • varinf
      • wald
      • weakinst
      • white
    •  Factor
      • anticov
      • clearhist
      • display
      • displayname
      • eigen
      • factnames
      • factor
      • fitstats
      • fitted
      • gls
      • ipf
      • label
      • loadings
      • makescores
      • maxcor
      • ml
      • msa
      • observed
      • olepush
      • output
      • pace
      • partcor
      • pf
      • reduced
      • resids
      • rotate
      • rotateclear
      • rotateout
      • setattr
      • scores
      • smc
      • structure
      • uls
    •  Graph
      • addarrow
      • addellipse
      • addrect
      • addtext
      • align
      • axis
      • bplabel
      • clearhist
      • datelabel
      • dates
      • display
      • displayname
      • draw
      • drawdefault
      • graph
      • label
      • legend
      • makegroup
      • merge
      • metafile
      • name
      • olepush
      • options
      • save
      • scale
      • setattr
      • setbpelem
      • setelem
      • setfont
      • setobslabel
      • setupdate
      • sort
      • template
      • textdefault
      • update
    •  Group
      • add
      • cause
      • cdfplot
      • clearhist
      • coint
      • cor
      • correl
      • cov
      • cross
      • ddloadtmpl
      • ddrowopts
      • ddsavetmpl
      • ddtabopts
      • display
      • displayname
      • distdata
      • drop
      • dtable
      • freq
      • group
      • insertobs
      • kerfit
      • label
      • linefit
      • lrcov
      • olepush
      • makepcomp
      • makesystem
      • makewhiten
      • members
      • nnfit
      • pcomp
      • resample
      • setattr
      • setformat
      • setindent
      • setjust
      • setwidth
      • sheet
      • sort
      • stats
      • testbtw
      • uroot
    •  Link
      • clearhist
      • displayname
      • label
      • link
      • linkto
      • olepush
      • setattr
    •  Logl
      • append
      • cellipse
      • checkderivs
      • clearhist
      • coefcov
      • display
      • displayname
      • grads
      • label
      • logl
      • makegrads
      • makemodel
      • ml
      • olepush
      • output
      • results
      • setattr
      • spec
      • updatecoefs
      • wald
    •  Matrix
      • clearhist
      • cor
      • cov
      • display
      • displayname
      • fill
      • import
      • label
      • makepcomp
      • matrix
      • olepush
      • pcomp
      • read
      • setattr
      • setcollabels
      • setformat
      • setindent
      • setjust
      • setrowlabels
      • setwidth
      • sheet
      • stats
      • write
    •  Model
      • addassign
      • addinit
      • addover
      • adjust
      • append
      • block
      • clearhist
      • compare
      • control
      • display
      • displayname
      • drop
      • droplink
      • endog
      • eqs
      • exclude
      • innov
      • label
      • makeendog
      • makegraph
      • makegroup
      • merge
      • model
      • msg
      • olepush
      • override
      • printview
      • reinclude
      • replace
      • replacelink
      • replacevar
      • revert
      • scenario
      • scenlist
      • setattr
      • settrace
      • solve
      • solveopt
      • spec
      • stochastic
      • text
      • trace
      • track
      • unlink
      • update
      • vars
    •  Pool
      • add
      • cellipse
      • clearhist
      • coefcov
      • coint
      • define
      • delete
      • describe
      • display
      • displayname
      • drop
      • fetch
      • fixedtest
      • genr
      • label
      • ls
      • makegroup
      • makemodel
      • makeresids
      • makestats
      • makesystem
      • olepush
      • output
      • pool
      • ranhaus
      • read
      • representations
      • residcor
      • residcov
      • resids
      • results
      • setattr
      • sheet
      • store
      • testadd
      • testdrop
      • tsls
      • updatecoefs
      • uroot
      • wald
      • write
    •  Rowvector
      • clearhist
      • display
      • displayname
      • fill
      • import
      • label
      • olepush
      • read
      • rowvector
      • setattr
      • setformat
      • setindent
      • setjust
      • setwidth
      • sheet
      • stats
      • write
    •  Sample
      • clearhist
      • displayname
      • label
      • olepush
      • sample
      • set
      • setattr
      • spec
    •  Scalar
      • clearhist
      • label
      • olepush
      • scalar
      • setattr
      • sheet
    •  Series
      • adjust
      • autoarma
      • bdstest
      • boxplotby
      • bpf
      • buroot
      • cdfplot
      • cdtest
      • classify
      • clearhist
      • correl
      • display
      • displayname
      • distdata
      • edftest
      • ets
      • fill
      • forcavg
      • forceval
      • freq
      • frml
      • genr
      • hist
      • hpf
      • insertobs
      • ipolate
      • kdensity
      • label
      • lrvar
      • makepanpcomp
      • makewhiten
      • map
      • olepush
      • pancov
      • panpcomp
      • resample
      • seas
      • series
      • setattr
      • setconvert
      • setformat
      • setindent
      • setjust
      • setwidth
      • sheet
      • smooth
      • sort
      • statby
      • stats
      • testby
      • teststat
      • tramoseats
      • uroot
      • vratio
      • x11
      • x12
      • x13
      • References
    •  Spool
      • append
      • clearhist
      • comment
      • display
      • displayname
      • extract
      • flatten
      • graphmode
      • horizindent
      • insert
      • label
      • leftmargin
      • move
      • name
      • olepush
      • options
      • print
      • remove
      • save
      • setattr
      • setfont
      • spool
      • tablemode
      • topmargin
      • vertindent
      • vertspacing
      • width
    •  Sspace
      • append
      • cellipse
      • clearhist
      • coefcov
      • display
      • displayname
      • endog
      • forecast
      • grads
      • label
      • makeendog
      • makefilter
      • makegrads
      • makemodel
      • makeresids
      • makesignals
      • makestates
      • ml
      • olepush
      • output
      • residcor
      • residcov
      • resids
      • results
      • setattr
      • signalgraphs
      • spec
      • sspace
      • statefinal
      • stategraphs
      • stateinit
      • structure
      • updatecoefs
      • wald
    •  String
      • clearhist
      • display
      • displayname
      • label
      • list
      • olepush
      • setattr
      • string
      • string
    •  Svector
      • clearhist
      • display
      • displayname
      • label
      • olepush
      • setattr
      • sheet
      • svector
    •  Sym
      • clearhist
      • cor
      • cov
      • display
      • displayname
      • eigen
      • fill
      • import
      • label
      • olepush
      • read
      • setattr
      • setformat
      • setindent
      • setjust
      • setwidth
      • sheet
      • stats
      • sym
      • write
    •  System
      • 3sls
      • append
      • arch
      • autospec
      • cellipse
      • clearhist
      • coefcov
      • correl
      • derivs
      • display
      • displayname
      • endog
      • estcov
      • fiml
      • garch
      • gmm
      • grads
      • jbera
      • label
      • ls
      • makeendog
      • makegarch
      • makeloglike
      • makemodel
      • makeresids
      • olepush
      • output
      • qstats
      • representations
      • residcor
      • residcov
      • resids
      • results
      • setattr
      • spec
      • sur
      • system
      • tsls
      • updatecoefs
      • wald
      • wls
      • wtsls
    •  Table
      • clearhist
      • comment
      • copyrange
      • copytable
      • deletecol
      • deleterow
      • display
      • displayname
      • insertcol
      • insertrow
      • label
      • olepush
      • save
      • setattr
      • setfillcolor
      • setfont
      • setformat
      • setheight
      • setindent
      • setjust
      • setlines
      • setmerge
      • setprefix
      • setsuffix
      • settextcolor
      • setwidth
      • sheet
      • table
      • title
    •  Text
      • append
      • clear
      • clearhist
      • displayname
      • label
      • olepush
      • save
      • setattr
      • svector
      • text
    •  Userobj
      • add
      • clear
      • display
      • displayname
      • drop
      • extract
      • label
      • members
      • olepush
      • setattr
      • userobj
    •  Valmap
      • append
      • clearhist
      • displayname
      • label
      • olepush
      • setattr
      • sheet
      • stats
      • usage
      • valmap
    •  Var
      • append
      • arlm
      • arroots
      • bvar
      • clearhist
      • cleartext
      • coint
      • correl
      • decomp
      • display
      • displayname
      • ec
      • endog
      • fit
      • forecast
      • impulse
      • jbera
      • label
      • laglen
      • ls
      • makecoint
      • makeendog
      • makemodel
      • makeresids
      • makesystem
      • olepush
      • output
      • qstats
      • representations
      • residcor
      • residcov
      • resids
      • results
      • setattr
      • svar
      • testexog
      • testlags
      • var
      • white
    •  Vector
      • clearhist
      • cov
      • display
      • displayname
      • fill
      • getglobalc
      • import
      • label
      • olepush
      • read
      • setattr
      • setformat
      • setglobalc
      • setindent
      • setjust
      • setwidth
      • sheet
      • stats
      • vector
      • write
  •  Graph Creation Commands
    • Graph Creation Command Summary
    •  Graph Creation Object Summary
      • area
      • band
      • bar
      • boxplot
      • distplot
      • dot
      • errbar
      • hilo
      • line
      • mixed
      • pie
      • qqplot
      • scat
      • scatmat
      • scatpair
      • seasplot
      • spike
      • xyarea
      • xybar
      • xyline
      • xypair
    •  Optional Graph Components
      • Categorical Spec
      • Auxiliary Spec
  •  Object Command Summary
    • Object Summary